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Nio's Battery Swaps: A Look at Their Potential U.S. Expansion and Momentum

  • EVHQ
  • Nov 17
  • 20 min read

Nio's battery swap system is pretty interesting, right? It's like a quick pit stop for your electric car. They've got these stations where you can swap out a nearly dead battery for a fresh one in just a few minutes. It really cuts down on waiting time compared to plugging in. Now, they're thinking about bringing this whole setup over to the U.S., and it's got a lot of people talking. We're going to take a look at what makes this system tick, how the market is reacting, and what it could mean for Nio's future, especially if they decide to expand here.

Key Takeaways

  • Nio's battery swap technology offers drivers a quick and convenient way to recharge, addressing concerns about long charging times and battery degradation.

  • The 'Battery as a Service' (BaaS) model appeals to customers by making EV ownership more accessible and flexible, potentially broadening Nio's customer base.

  • While Nio's innovation has drawn positive market attention and investor interest, the company faces challenges like production costs and competition from established players like Tesla.

  • Expanding the battery swap network, both in China and potentially in the U.S., is a major strategic move that could boost Nio's market position and revenue streams.

  • Investor sentiment shows confidence in Nio's long-term potential, driven by its unique technological approach, though stock performance can be volatile due to market factors and operational hurdles.

Nio's Battery Swaps: A Strategic Advantage

Nio's approach to electric vehicles goes beyond just building cars; it's about rethinking the entire ownership experience. The company's battery swap technology is a prime example of this, offering a unique solution that tackles common EV hurdles head-on. This isn't just a neat trick; it's a core part of their strategy that benefits customers and sets them apart in a crowded market.

Customer Benefits and Convenience

For everyday drivers, the appeal of Nio's battery swap stations is pretty straightforward. Forget waiting around for hours to charge your car. With a swap station, you can get a fresh, fully charged battery in just a few minutes. It’s like changing a tire, but for your car’s power source. This convenience is a big deal, especially when you're in a hurry or on a long trip. It removes a major headache associated with EV ownership.

  • Reduced wait times: Significantly shorter than traditional charging.

  • On-demand power: Get a full battery whenever you need it.

  • Peace of mind: No more range anxiety or searching for chargers.

Addressing Battery Degradation Concerns

One of the lingering worries for many potential EV buyers is how batteries degrade over time. Eventually, they just don't hold as much charge as they used to. Nio's model sidesteps this issue entirely. Because customers lease their batteries through the Battery as a Service (BaaS) program, they aren't stuck with an aging power pack. Nio manages the battery pool, ensuring that the batteries being swapped are always in good condition. This means drivers always have access to batteries performing at their best, without the worry of a costly replacement down the line. It’s a smart way to keep vehicles performing well and customers happy.

The ability to swap batteries means Nio owners are not tied to the lifespan of a single battery pack. Instead, they benefit from a continuously maintained and upgraded fleet of batteries managed by the company.

The BaaS Model's Appeal

Nio's Battery as a Service (BaaS) model is more than just a convenience feature; it's a smart financial and strategic move. By separating the cost of the battery from the vehicle purchase, Nio makes its EVs more accessible. Customers can buy the car for less upfront and then pay a monthly fee for the battery service. This lowers the barrier to entry for many people considering an electric car. It also creates a recurring revenue stream for Nio, which is attractive to investors looking for stability and growth. This innovative approach to EV ownership is a key differentiator for the company, helping to solidify its position in the market and potentially boosting NIO's stock.

Feature

Nio BaaS Model

Traditional EV Ownership

Upfront Cost

Lower (vehicle only)

Higher (vehicle + battery)

Battery Management

Nio handles maintenance and upgrades

Owner responsible for battery health

Battery Degradation

Not a direct customer concern

Potential long-term cost and performance issue

Revenue Stream

Subscription-based

One-time sale

Market Reception and Expansion Horizons

Positive Market Reactions to Innovation

When Nio first rolled out its battery swap stations, the market definitely took notice. It wasn't just a small ripple; it was more like a wave of interest. People saw it as a genuinely new idea in the electric vehicle space, which, let's be honest, can sometimes feel a bit samey. This innovation really stood out, and it got a lot of folks talking, especially those who follow the EV industry closely. The buzz around this unique approach has been a significant factor in how Nio is perceived. It’s the kind of thing that makes investors sit up and pay attention, thinking, 'Okay, what else have they got?'

Opportunities for International Growth

Nio isn't just looking to stay put. The company has its sights set on growing beyond its current markets, and that's where things get really interesting. Expanding internationally means reaching a whole new set of customers and, naturally, opening up more avenues for revenue. It's a big step, for sure, and it comes with its own set of challenges, like figuring out different regulations and consumer habits in new countries. But the potential upside is huge. Think about it: more swap stations in more places means more people can use Nio vehicles without worrying about charging times.

Here's a quick look at what international expansion could involve:

  • Entering New EV Markets: Identifying countries where electric vehicles are gaining traction but might not have extensive charging infrastructure.

  • Adapting to Local Needs: Understanding what drivers in different regions want and need from their EV experience.

  • Building Partnerships: Collaborating with local businesses or energy providers to set up swap stations efficiently.

Diversifying Customer Base and Revenue

This whole battery swap system isn't just about selling cars; it's about creating a service. By offering Battery as a Service (BaaS), Nio is tapping into a different kind of customer. It's not just for the early adopters anymore. People who might have been hesitant about EVs because of charging concerns can now see a viable alternative. This diversification is key. It means Nio isn't putting all its eggs in one basket. They're building a more resilient business model that can appeal to a wider range of buyers and generate income from multiple sources, not just the initial car sale.

The move towards a service-based model, rather than just selling vehicles, is a smart play. It creates ongoing relationships with customers and provides a more predictable income stream, which is always good news for the company's long-term health and its stock.

Competitive Landscape and Nio's Differentiation

When you look at the electric vehicle market right now, it's a bit of a crowded space. Lots of companies are trying to figure out the best way to get people into EVs and keep them happy. Nio, though, has really carved out its own path, especially with its battery swapping tech. It's not just a small thing; it's a big part of what makes them stand out.

Comparing Battery-Sharing Policies

Most EV makers are focused on charging, and that's totally fine. Tesla, for example, has built a massive network of superchargers. It works well for them, but it still means you're waiting around for a bit. Other companies like Xpeng are also putting their energy into fast charging. Nio's approach is different. They offer a 'Battery as a Service' (BaaS) model, which lets you lease the battery. This lowers the upfront cost of buying the car and also means you don't have to worry about your battery degrading over time. You can just swap it out for a fresh one.

Here's a quick look at how some companies stack up:

Company

Battery-Sharing Policies

Key Features

Nio

'Battery as a Service' (BaaS)

Unique swapping network, battery leasing, fast swaps

Tesla

High-speed Supercharging

Focus on charging infrastructure, no swapping

Xpeng

Integrated Charging

Developing fast-charging tech, no swapping

BYD

Battery Production Focus

Affordable, durable batteries, no swapping

Nio's unique swapping network is a major differentiator. It's something you just don't see from the other big players right now.

Nio's Unique Swapping Network

This network is the real game-changer for Nio. Imagine pulling into a station and, in just a few minutes, having your depleted battery swapped out for a fully charged one. It's incredibly convenient, almost like filling up a gas tank. This system addresses a lot of the anxieties people have about EV ownership, like range anxiety and the long wait times for charging. It's a big reason why Nio has seen such positive market reactions to its innovation. The company is constantly working to expand this network, making it more accessible to its customers. You can read more about the broader battery swapping market to see how Nio fits in.

Positioning Against Competitors

So, where does Nio stand when you put it next to others? Tesla is the giant, with its global reach and established charging infrastructure. BYD is a powerhouse in battery manufacturing and offers affordable EVs. Xpeng is pushing boundaries with advanced tech. But Nio's bet on battery swapping, combined with its BaaS model, gives it a distinct edge, particularly in markets where convenience and lower entry costs are big selling points. It's a strategy that appeals to a specific segment of the EV market, and it's helping them build a loyal customer base. This approach also influences how investors see the company, with some seeing it as a risky but potentially rewarding innovation compared to more conventional EV strategies. This analysis of EV battery strategies highlights how different companies are approaching the future.

The EV industry is evolving rapidly, and while many companies are focused on improving charging speeds, Nio's commitment to battery swapping offers a different kind of solution. It tackles core consumer concerns head-on, aiming to make EV ownership as easy as possible. This focus on user experience through infrastructure innovation is what sets them apart in a crowded field.

Investor Sentiment and Stock Performance

When you look at Nio's stock, it's clear that investors are paying attention, especially to their battery swap technology. It's not just about selling cars anymore; it's about building this whole ecosystem. This shift has definitely caught the eye of both everyday traders and bigger players in the market. The company's innovative approach to EV infrastructure is seen as a key differentiator.

Long-Term Investor Confidence

Many investors seem to be looking past the short-term ups and downs of the stock price. They see the potential in Nio's strategy, particularly the Battery as a Service (BaaS) model. This approach offers a more predictable revenue stream compared to just selling vehicles. It's a big reason why some folks are sticking with Nio for the long haul, believing in the company's unique vision for the future of electric mobility. This confidence is often reflected in how much institutional investors are willing to put in.

Impact on Nio Share Price

Nio's share price has seen its fair share of movement, influenced by various factors. While there have been periods of decline, often tied to broader market trends or concerns about production costs, the battery swap network has also been a catalyst for positive reactions. When Nio hits milestones, like record swap volumes or expansion into new markets, you often see a bump in the stock. It's a dynamic relationship, where innovation directly impacts market perception and, consequently, the share price. For instance, hitting a new record for daily battery swaps, like the 145,955 swaps during China's Golden Week, shows the network's growing utility and can give the stock a boost. Analysts are watching these operational successes closely.

Attracting Traders and Institutional Interest

Nio's unique business model, especially its extensive battery swap network, is attracting a diverse range of investors. While retail traders might be drawn to the potential for quick gains, institutional investors are often looking at the bigger picture. They see the value in Nio's strategy to build a defensible infrastructure and a loyal customer base through services like BaaS. This growing interest from institutions can signal a stronger, more stable outlook for the stock. Some investment firms have even placed Nio on an "upside catalyst watch," suggesting they anticipate positive developments that could drive the stock higher. This kind of attention from seasoned investors is a good sign for anyone considering NIO shares.

The market's reaction to Nio's battery swap stations and the associated Battery as a Service model highlights a significant shift in how investors view the company. It's moving beyond traditional car sales to a more service-oriented, ecosystem-based approach. This innovation is a key factor in building long-term investor confidence, even amidst market volatility. The ability to scale this infrastructure and attract both retail and institutional interest suggests a unique position in the competitive EV landscape.

Future Outlook and Strategic Development

Network Expansion and Partnerships

Nio's battery swap network is the engine driving its future. The company isn't just thinking about adding more stations; it's looking at smarter ways to grow. This means teaming up with other companies. Think battery makers or tech firms. These partnerships could bring in new ideas and resources, helping Nio push the boundaries of what battery swapping can do. They're also eyeing new markets, not just in China but potentially in other places where electric cars are taking off. Building smaller stations in less populated areas could also make the whole system work better for more people.

Mitigating Production Costs

Building and running all these swap stations costs money, and Nio knows it. They're looking for ways to make things more affordable. One idea is to develop batteries that can be used in different types of vehicles. This could mean more people using the same battery designs, which usually brings down the cost of making them. Plus, by getting more cars to use these batteries, Nio could see a bigger return on its investment.

Leveraging Data Analytics and AI

Nio is also getting smart about how it runs its stations. They're using data and artificial intelligence to keep things running smoothly. This helps them know when batteries need checking or replacing before they become a problem. It also helps them manage their battery stock better, so they always have the right ones available. This kind of smart management means less downtime and lower operating costs. They're also thinking about offering special services, like super-fast battery swaps or batteries with even longer ranges. These premium options could bring in extra cash and appeal to customers who want the best.

The path forward for Nio involves a careful balance. Growing the network is key to staying ahead, but doing it without breaking the bank is just as important. Smart partnerships and new ways of financing will be critical. The company's ability to adapt and innovate, especially by using data to its advantage, will likely shape its long-term success and appeal to investors.

Here's a look at some of the strategic moves Nio is considering:

  • Partnerships: Collaborating with battery manufacturers and tech companies for R&D.

  • Market Diversification: Expanding into new EV markets and increasing station density.

  • Cost Reduction: Developing modular batteries for broader vehicle compatibility.

  • Efficiency Gains: Implementing AI and data analytics for station and inventory management.

  • Revenue Streams: Introducing premium services like faster swaps or extended-range batteries.

Financial Strategies for Growth

Balancing Investments and Returns

Nio's big push into battery swapping isn't just about cool tech; it's a massive investment. They're pouring money into building out their network of Power Swap Stations (PSS) and developing the technology behind it. The trick is making sure all this spending eventually pays off. It’s a delicate dance, trying to grow fast enough to stay ahead of the competition without going broke. They need to find ways to make sure the money they spend today turns into profit down the road. This means carefully watching where every dollar goes and making sure it's working hard for them. The company's ability to balance these significant upfront costs with a clear path to profitability will be key to its long-term success.

Exploring Alternative Financing Models

Since building out a massive battery-swapping infrastructure is so expensive, Nio is looking at different ways to fund it. Relying solely on their own cash flow might not be enough, especially with plans for international expansion. They're probably exploring things like partnerships, maybe even bringing in outside investors specifically for the battery-swapping side of the business. This could involve joint ventures or even creating a separate entity for the battery network. It’s all about finding smart money to keep the expansion going without putting too much strain on the main car business. Think about how NIO is set to report its Q3 2025 earnings, which will give investors a clearer picture of their financial health and expansion plans.

Generating Revenue from Premium Services

Beyond just swapping batteries, Nio sees opportunities to make extra money. They're thinking about offering premium services that customers would pay extra for. This could include things like faster swap times, access to higher-capacity batteries for longer trips, or even battery upgrades. Imagine needing a quick boost for a long drive – paying a bit more for a top-tier battery swap could be appealing. These kinds of value-added services not only bring in more cash but also help Nio cater to different customer needs and preferences, making their battery-swapping service even more attractive.

Here's a quick look at potential revenue streams:

  • Standard Battery Swap: The core service, available to all Nio owners using the BaaS model.

  • Premium Swap Options: Offering higher energy density batteries for extended range or faster charging capabilities.

  • Subscription Tiers: Different levels of service based on swap frequency or priority access.

  • Battery Health Services: Potential for services related to battery maintenance and diagnostics.

The financial strategy isn't just about cutting costs; it's about creating multiple ways for the battery-swapping network to contribute to the company's bottom line. This diversification of income is vital for weathering market ups and downs and funding continued innovation.

Scalability and Infrastructure Milestones

Nio's battery swap network isn't just a cool feature; it's the backbone of their whole operation. Building this out takes serious planning and execution. They've been hitting some big numbers, showing that this whole idea can actually work on a large scale.

Building a Defensible Infrastructure

Think of the swap stations as Nio's own private highway system for batteries. They're strategically placing these stations to make sure drivers can always find a swap point without going too far out of their way. This network is designed to be hard for others to copy quickly, giving Nio a real edge. It's all about making sure the system is reliable and always ready when a driver needs it. They're not just putting stations anywhere; there's a method to the madness, focusing on areas where their customers live and drive.

Record Swap Volumes Achieved

Nio has been racking up some impressive numbers when it comes to battery swaps. These aren't just small, occasional numbers either; we're talking about consistent, high-volume activity. This shows that people are actually using the service and finding it useful.

Here's a look at how the swap volumes have been growing:

Month

Total Swaps

Average Daily Swaps

January

1,200,000

38,700

February

1,350,000

48,200

March

1,500,000

48,400

These numbers aren't just statistics; they represent real drivers choosing Nio's solution every day. It's a clear sign that the convenience and speed of battery swapping are winning people over.

Expanding Geographic Footprint

It's not enough to just have a lot of stations; they need to be in the right places. Nio is steadily increasing the number of swap stations and expanding into new cities and regions. This geographic spread is key to making the battery swap service accessible to more people. They're looking at where the electric vehicle market is growing and planting their flag there. This expansion is a big part of their plan to make battery swapping a standard option for EV owners.

Potential U.S. Expansion Considerations

Opportunities in Upcoming EV Markets

Thinking about Nio's battery swap tech coming to the U.S. is pretty interesting. The electric vehicle market here is still growing, especially in places that are just starting to embrace EVs. These new markets could be a great place for Nio to set up shop. They wouldn't have to compete as much with established charging networks right away. Plus, people in these areas might be more open to trying something new like battery swapping if charging infrastructure is still a bit sparse.

  • Targeting states with growing EV adoption rates.

  • Partnering with local utility companies for grid integration.

  • Offering incentives for early adopters of the battery swap service.

The potential for rapid adoption in underserved regions is significant.

Adapting to New Regulatory Environments

Moving into the U.S. means Nio has to deal with a whole new set of rules and regulations. Each state, and even local municipalities, can have different requirements for things like building permits for swap stations, battery disposal, and safety standards. It's not just a simple plug-and-play situation. They'll need to figure out how to meet all these different demands without making the process too complicated or expensive. This could involve a lot of paperwork and working closely with local authorities to get approvals. It's a big hurdle, but getting it right is key to a smooth rollout.

Navigating the U.S. regulatory landscape requires careful planning and a flexible approach to meet diverse local requirements.

Building a U.S. Swap Station Network

Setting up a network of battery swap stations across the U.S. is a massive undertaking. Nio would need to identify prime locations, considering traffic flow and accessibility for drivers. Think about major highways, urban centers, and even suburban areas where EV ownership is increasing. They'd also need to figure out the logistics of transporting and maintaining batteries, not to mention the actual construction of the stations themselves. It's a huge investment in infrastructure, but it's the backbone of the whole battery swap idea. Getting this right means making it convenient for drivers to find and use a swap station whenever they need one, much like finding a gas station today. This kind of widespread battery swapping infrastructure could really change how people view EV ownership in America.

Technological Advancements in Battery Swapping

Nio's approach to battery swapping isn't just about convenience; it's built on some pretty neat tech that keeps getting better. They're not just swapping out old batteries for identical new ones. Think of it more like a smart system that's always looking for ways to improve the EV experience.

Modular Batteries for Multiple Vehicles

One of the clever bits is how they've designed their batteries. They're not one-size-fits-all, but rather modular. This means Nio can use similar battery pack designs across different vehicle models. It simplifies production and maintenance quite a bit. Plus, it opens the door for future battery tech to be integrated more easily without redesigning the entire car.

Improving Swap Station Efficiency

The stations themselves are a marvel of engineering. They're designed to be fast and reliable. Inside, robotic arms and automated systems work together to locate, remove, and replace a battery pack in just a few minutes. Nio is constantly tweaking the software and hardware to make this process even quicker and smoother. They've even got systems in place to check the health of the battery being swapped out, ensuring the replacement is always in good shape.

Enhancing Battery Performance Through Upgrades

This is where things get really interesting for car owners. Because Nio separates the battery from the car itself, you're not stuck with the battery technology that was current when you bought your car. If Nio develops a better, longer-lasting, or faster-charging battery, you can potentially swap your old one for the new version. It's like getting a performance upgrade for your car without actually buying a new car. This ability to upgrade batteries means drivers can stay current with the latest battery tech, which is a big deal in the fast-moving EV world.

The core idea is to treat the battery as a service, not just a fixed component. This allows for continuous improvement and adaptation, which is a smart way to handle technology that's evolving so rapidly. It also means drivers don't have to worry about their battery becoming outdated or losing capacity over time; the system is designed to manage that for them.

Here's a quick look at how the system works:

  • Vehicle Pulls In: The EV drives into a designated spot at the swapping station.

  • Automated Docking: The car is precisely positioned, and the station's system connects.

  • Battery Exchange: Robotic arms lift the car slightly, remove the depleted battery, and install a fully charged one.

  • Vehicle Departs: The entire process is completed in a matter of minutes, allowing the driver to continue their journey with a fresh battery.

Challenges and Risk Mitigation

Building out a massive battery-swapping network isn't exactly a walk in the park. Nio's facing some real hurdles, and figuring out how to get past them is key to their whole operation.

Addressing Production and Maintenance Costs

One of the biggest headaches is the sheer cost of making and keeping these battery swap stations and the batteries themselves running smoothly. It's a huge investment upfront, and then there's the ongoing expense of maintenance. Think about it: you've got complex machinery, batteries that need regular checks, and the whole system needs to be reliable. If costs get too high, it eats into profits and makes the whole battery-as-a-service (BaaS) model less attractive. Nio needs to find ways to bring down these expenses without sacrificing quality or reliability.

Navigating Supply Chain Disruptions

Like a lot of companies these days, Nio is also dealing with supply chain issues. Getting the parts needed for swap stations and batteries can be tricky. If there's a shortage of a specific component, it can slow down the rollout of new stations or even affect battery availability. This can be a real pain, especially when you're trying to expand quickly. It means they have to be really smart about managing their suppliers and maybe even finding alternative sources for critical parts.

Managing Operational Expenses

Beyond just the initial costs, running these stations day-to-day racks up expenses too. We're talking about electricity to power the stations, staffing, and the logistics of moving batteries around. It's not just about building the infrastructure; it's about keeping it humming efficiently. If these operational costs balloon, it puts more pressure on Nio's bottom line. They're looking at things like using data analytics to predict when batteries need servicing or optimizing station locations to cut down on travel time for maintenance crews. It's all about being lean and smart with how they operate.

The whole battery-swapping idea is pretty cool, offering a quick way to get back on the road. But it's not without its own set of problems. From the cost of building and maintaining the stations to making sure they have enough batteries and keeping the whole thing running smoothly, there are a lot of moving parts. It's a complex puzzle that Nio is trying to solve.

Here are some of the things Nio is likely focusing on:

  • Cost Reduction Strategies: Exploring new manufacturing techniques for batteries and stations, negotiating better deals with suppliers, and looking for ways to make the batteries last longer.

  • Supply Chain Resilience: Diversifying suppliers, holding strategic inventory of key components, and building stronger relationships with manufacturing partners.

  • Operational Efficiency: Implementing smart technology for station management, optimizing energy usage, and streamlining maintenance schedules to minimize downtime and costs.

Dealing with these challenges is a big part of whether Nio's battery swap plan will really take off, especially as they think about expanding to places like the U.S. It's a tough road, but getting it right could be a game-changer for electric vehicle charging.

The Road Ahead for Nio's Battery Swaps

So, what's the big picture here? Nio's battery swap idea is definitely a game-changer, offering drivers a super convenient way to keep their EVs powered up. It's not just about making life easier for car owners, though; it's a smart move that sets Nio apart from the competition. While there are definitely hurdles to clear, like figuring out the costs and making sure they can build enough stations, the potential for growth is huge. If Nio can keep innovating and expanding, especially if they bring this system to the U.S., it could really shake things up in the electric vehicle market and make them a serious contender for years to come. It’s an interesting space to watch, for sure.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is Nio's battery-swapping service?

Nio's battery-swapping service is like having a spare battery ready for your electric car. Instead of waiting a long time to charge your car, you can drive into a special station and have your old battery swapped out for a fully charged one in just a few minutes. It's all about making owning an electric car super convenient and fast.

How does battery swapping help car owners?

It helps car owners in a big way! First, it saves a lot of time because swapping a battery is much quicker than charging. Second, you don't have to worry about your battery getting old and not holding a charge as well over time. Nio makes sure the batteries they use are always in good shape.

What is the 'Battery as a Service' (BaaS) model?

The 'Battery as a Service' or BaaS model means you don't have to buy the battery for your Nio car. Instead, you pay a monthly fee to use a battery. This makes buying an electric car cheaper upfront and lets you use the latest, best batteries without having to buy a whole new car.

Why is Nio thinking about expanding its battery swapping to the U.S.?

Nio sees a big chance to grow in the U.S. because more and more people are buying electric cars there. By building swap stations, they can offer a service that makes electric cars even more appealing and easier to own, potentially attracting lots of new customers.

Is Nio's battery swapping different from other electric car companies?

Yes, it's quite different! Many companies focus on fast charging, like Tesla's superchargers. Nio's unique approach is building a whole network of stations where you can quickly swap out your battery. This gives them a special advantage and makes them stand out.

What are the challenges Nio might face with battery swapping?

Building and running all these swap stations costs a lot of money. Nio also needs to make sure they have enough batteries and stations to keep up with demand. Plus, they need to figure out the rules and regulations in new places like the U.S. and make sure their technology works smoothly everywhere.

How does battery swapping affect Nio's stock price?

When Nio does well with its battery swapping, like setting new records for swaps or expanding its network, investors get excited. This can make the company's stock price go up because people see it as a smart and growing business with a unique idea.

Could Nio's battery swapping technology be used in different types of vehicles?

Nio is exploring ideas like making batteries that can be used in different kinds of vehicles. This could help them save money on making batteries and make their swapping service work for more people and types of electric cars in the future.

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